What is the maximum angle of heel that a ship can withstand

What is the maximum angle of heel that a ship can withstand

The maximum angle of heel that a ship can withstand depends on various factors, including the vessel's design, stability, and the external forces acting on it. Here are some relevant points from the search results:

- The "Law of 15's" is a rule of thumb that sets list/heel angle limits for Navy and Coast Guard surface ships[2].

- The angle of heel due to the combined effect of crowding, wind pressure, and centrifugal force should not exceed 12° in calculations[1].

- Fast displacement ships with Fn > 0.25 may feature dangerously large heel angles in turning circles, with the heel always outwards, i.e., away from the center of the turn[2].

- The estimated maximum angle of heel before equalization must be approved on a vessel required to survive assumed damage[5].

- The vessel's metacentric height (GM) must be at least 2 inches (5 cm) when the vessel is in the upright position[5].

- The maximum righting arm should occur at an angle of heel preferably exceeding 30° but not less than 25°[4].

- The final angle of equilibrium must not exceed 7 degrees after equalization on a vessel required to survive assumed damage with a longitudinal extent of 10 feet (3 meters) plus 0.03L[5].

- The angle of equilibrium must not exceed 15 degrees after equalization on a vessel required to survive assumed damage with a longitudinal extent of 20 feet (6.1 meters) plus 0.04L[5].

In summary, the maximum angle of heel that a ship can withstand depends on various factors, and there is no single value that applies to all vessels. The angle of heel is limited by the vessel's stability, design, and the external forces acting on it.

Citations:

[1] Chapter 11 - Stability - imorules https://www.imorules.com/GUID-395B2213-38E4-4D30-A520-1A9B42D46F8B.html

[2] list caused by off-center weight and negative gm - LESSON TOPIC: https://man.fas.org/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/dca/stg4-06.html

[3] [PDF] Chapter 2 - Review of Intact Statical Stability https://www.usna.edu/NAOE/_files/documents/Courses/EN455/EN455_Chapter2.pdf

[4] Intact stability criteria - Wärtsilä https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/intact-stability-criteria

[5] 46 CFR § 171.080 - Damage stability standards for vessels with Type I or Type II subdivision. - Law.Cornell.Edu https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/46/171.080

[6] Heeling Moment - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/heeling-moment

By Perplexity at https://www.perplexity.ai/search/046fbcd5-a48f-4089-bca3-5601767f5520?s=m